Women : Born to Rule - IV

The numerical supremacy of male rulers is true in most monarchies, but when women did ascend to the throne in their own right they were more often great monarchs. Isabella of Castille and Leon, apart from funding Columbus, unified Spain and formed an Empire. Christina of Sweden ruled for 10 balmy and prosperous years, but then she was thought to be a boy at birth and was, on her father's instructions, brought up as a Prince. Margaret I of Denmark became Queen of that country in 1375, then Queen of Norway in 1388 and added Queen of Sweden the following year for the triple crown. And so the list goes on, from the Empress Dowagers of China, rulers in all but name, through Cleopatra, the Queen of Sheba and Helen the Tough of Bosnia, their sole Queen Regnant. Both Jadwiga of Poland and Irene of the Byzantine Empire took on the masculine title, to prove equality; Rex Poloniae, King of Poland and Basilius or Emperor in the case of Irene. Time and time again, where women have had the chance to rule they have more than proven their mettle. An interesting addendum to this is the way in recent times, amongst constitutional monarchies, the male preponderance is reversed, the U.K., the Netherlands (only Queens since 1890), and Denmark, all 'enlightened societies' and all ruled by Queens; contrast this with the European kings who have been deposed in the past century and I rest my case.

Women: Born to Rule - III

France, on the other hand, had no Queens Regnant, possibly realizing they made an excellent scapegoat, Marie Antoinette for example. They did, however, produce Eleanor of Aquitaine, a great heiress and wife, successively, to the King of France and the King of England. An exceptionally strong woman, her children ruled great chunks of Europe including England, France, Sicily, Brittany, Saxony and Castille. Russia is a different matter. Upon the death of Peter the Great in 1725, his widow became Catherine I and continued what had been a most extraordinary life. Born Martha Scowronska she was the daughter of Latvian peasants, possibly runaway serfs. Soon orphaned she lived with an aunt who was worried about the effect of her beauty on her sons. Placed in service she quickly moved up the social ladder, marrying a Swedish dragoon, which state lasted for 8 days until the Russians over-ran the Swedish position, and eventually becoming a servant/confidant to Prince Menshikov, a close friend of Peter the Great. The Tsar saw her, fell in love and, after a conversion to Orthodoxy, she married him. The fairy-tale continued upon his death when she became the first female ruler of Imperial Russia. A just ruler, she continued Peter's modernizing policies and sponsored scientific inquiry. Apparently she was successful for she ushered in nearly a century of rule by Tsarinas. Anna, another widow, this time to Peter II, was left in power on the hopes that she would be malleable and allow the nobility more power (well, she was a woman wasn't she.) Contrary to expectations she ruled autocratically, being the first to set up the secret police, ultimately to morph into the KGB. The daughter of Catherine and Peter the Great, Elizabeth, led Russia into two wars spanning 15 years of her 21 year reign. By the time of her death Russia had nearly doubled in size. Finally there was Catherine the Great, great at statecraft, intrigue and expansion. By the time she died in 1796 the Empire sprawled from the remaining slivers of Poland to the wastes of Siberia and south to the Black Sea. She revamped the administration and dragged the country into a more Western-style society. Beset by scandals, it was under her that Russia became a Great Power, only to have much of her innovation and direction undone through the following century.

Women: Born to Rule - II

In 2000 years England, or some portion thereof, has had a dozen queens. The first, Queen Boudicia (the spelling is open to question), led the only major revolt against the Romans, no man rose to the occasion. The two Queens prior to the Norman invasion left little record while Lady Jane Grey was illegal and only reigned for nine days (for which she is often referred to as the Nine Day Queen.) Matilda, ascending to the throne in 1141, was promptly usurped by a noble and spent what should have been her entire reign fighting a civil war. The fact that her son, Henry II, succeeded her would indicate that she won. Which brings us to the Elizabethan age, the first monarch to have an era named after them as opposed to a dynastic nomenclature such as the Normans or Plantagenets. Her half-sister Mary did precede her but all her energies were absorbed in trying to reinstate Catholicism and she only lasted for 5 years. Elizabeth, on the other hand, heralded in a period of prosperity, was especially adept at statecraft, offering her hand as an inducement to any number of treaties and alliances, while supporting the great burgeoning of the arts culminating in William Shakespeare. A century later Mary co-reigned with her husband William, followed shortly thereafter by Anne, just before and just after the dawn of the 18th century. Neither reigns were outstanding, though it should be noted that this was the period when England cemented her mercantile superiority with the newly formed East India Company, Stock Exchange and Lloyds Insurance. There was then a 120 year female interregnum, during which the colonies were lost while the Chief Executive, George III, was mistaking a large oak tree for the Empress of Austria. Victoria emulated her predecessor Elizabeth in having the era named after her, indeed the architecture, morals and literature as well as much else. This was a period when Britain reached its apogee, a vast empire, in fact Matilda and Victoria were the only two monarchs to have the title Empress bestowed upon them rather than inheriting it, three quarters of the world's trade in some commodities and goods, and an influence totally incommensurate with such a tiny nation.

Women were born to Rule - Part 1

It is inexplicable that there should be such antipathy to the concept of women in an executive government role when the data shows that they do a far better job. Rather than review the performance of duly elected leaders, Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, and Golda Meir for example, all of whom had to overcome prejudice throughout their career and have thus demonstrated outstanding abilities and strength of character, it is better to draw comparisons where there is a level playing field. There have been a large number of executive leaders, albeit unelected, in the various monarchies throughout the world. First we should define our terms. In most instances, Hawaii during the 17th century would be one exception, where there is a male available then he will be King. It is true that his wife bears the title of Queen, but we should only consider the Queens Regnant, those who are ruling in their own right. If, and when, they marry, their husbands are deemed the Consort and carry few if any executive powers. Although females are still overwhelmingly in the minority the sample is large enough to draw viable conclusions.

Haute Cuisine
In 1066, as every English schoolboy knows, the Normans won the Battle of Hastings, and thereby conquered England. Along with their penchant for castles they also brought their language; Norman French. In the time-honored fashioned, to the victors went the spoils and the Normans were rewarded with land and villages. This left the Anglo-Saxon peasants almost literally out in the cold and greatly influenced the language of food. The livestock were tended to by the lower classes and as such kept their Germanic names, sheep, cows, bulls, and swine. Interestingly, the word cattle derives from the Norman chattel with the meaning of property as this was a means of gauging wealth. The Norman nobility eschewed the husbandry and confined themselves to the gourmandizing, thus we have pork (from porc), beef (from boeuf), and mutton (from mouton). Unfortunately the farmers couldn't afford such a diet and we still have the old Germanic words for the live animals. Venison derives from the Old French word for 'meat from large game' from the Latin venatus, to hunt; while deer is from the Germanic word for animal (not human), again because the nobility were the only ones allowed to hunt. Hen, chicken and fowl were all from Germanic words, maybe the peasants got to eat Buffalo wings? Poultry was from the Old French poulet, a young fowl and even now is used to describe the type of meat rather than a living entity. The word egg was originally a North England dialect word, probably brought over by the Danes or Vikings. Old English used the word eye, which is further confused by the fact that the Mercian and West Saxon word for eye was ege; which leaves us with the possibility that the Biblical saying is really an egg for an egg.

The Unruly W - part 1

The letter W is a comparatively new addition to the English language. By the 8th century it was being written, quite literally, as a double u or v. More commonly it was written as the runic letter wynn or wen. Native words using w occur only in Polish, Dutch, German, English and Welsh. In Welsh, however, it represents the vowel u, which probably influenced the early English usage. German, Dutch and Polish usage is primarily as a v, thus Wien (and thence Weiner as an Austrian sausage) was the spelling of old Vienna. This influence led to the Anglicized Sweden for Sverige, etc. One of the many peculiarities this gave rise to was the way many old French words entered the English language with the Normans and subsequent medieval influences and then re-entered from Germanic forms, usually with a local variance in meaning. A good example of this is the early adoption of guard and guarantee with the later adoption of ward and warranty. 'War' illustrates the complexities of derivation in that the French adopted the Germanic 'gewin' which became 'guerre' (it is also the root of 'to win') as the Latin 'bellum was too close to belle or beautiful. Wardrobe comes from the garderobe of Norman times, and so on.
An interesting aside to this is the habit of Dickensian Londoner's to pronounce the letter 'v' as a 'w'; “that's werry nice of you.” But more of that subject anon.